Methodological development of a class hour on the topic “My profession is construction””
The height of the cathedral is 65 meters.
Brick was chosen for the construction of the temple; the plinth and some decorative elements were made of white stone. Later, polychrome ceramics were used for decoration. There are 9 iconostases in St. Basil's Cathedral, which contain about 400 icons from the 16th to 19th centuries, representing the best examples of the Novgorod and Moscow icon painting schools. The walls of the cathedral are decorated with oil paintings and frescoes of the 16th-19th centuries. In addition to icons, the cathedral displays portrait and landscape paintings of the 19th century, and church utensils from the 16th to 19th centuries. In the mid-20s of the 20th century, St. Basil's Cathedral received the status of a museum. Since 1934, it has been listed as a branch of the State Historical Museum.
Student 5.
the Leaning Tower of Pisa one of the most unusual buildings in the world.
. The more than eight-hundred-year history of this structure is marked by continuous attempts to “level” the tower. The Leaning Tower of Pisa is a bell tower, part of the ensemble of the city cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta in the city of Pisa. Construction of the tower was completed in 1360. The tower received the nickname “Leaning Tower” and worldwide fame due to the fact that it is strongly inclined and seems to “fall”. The height of the tower is 55.86 m, diameter - 15 meters. The width of the walls at the base is 4.09 m and at the top 2.48 m. Its mass is estimated at 14,453 tons. The current slope is about 5 ° (deviation of approximately 4.9 m from the vertical). The tower has 294 steps. The construction of the tower was carried out in three stages, starting on August 9, 1173 and with two long breaks, lasting almost 200 years, until 1360.
It was previously believed that the tilting of the tower was part of the project, but this version has now been refuted. The tower was designed “vertical”, but the “tilt” began to be felt already during the construction process. Due to uneven ground settlement, the tower tilted during construction. The first signs of tilt were noticed when the third colonnade ring was erected, approximately 10 years after construction began. The deviation had already reached 5 centimeters, and the subsidence of the soil was 30-40 centimeters. They decided to stop the work. Construction of the tower continued more than a century after the laying of the first stone. The builders tried to straighten the tower. When building the next three floors, they increased the height of the galleries on the side of the slope and decreased them on the opposite side. As a result, the angle of inclination was smoothed, but only visually. By the end of the construction of the six floors of the tower, the slope had reached fantastic limits. Due to the fact that the tower leaned in different directions during the first years, it became slightly bent like a banana. Both because of its inclination and because of its original architecture, from 1173 until the present day, the tower has been the object of close attention. Efforts are constantly being made to make the tower more stable. For example, collapsing columns were replaced several times. Now mostly underground work is being carried out to strengthen the foundation. Tens of thousands of tons of concrete were pumped into the ground near the foundation. Meanwhile, the bell tower was pulled up with hundred-meter steel cables, and the soil around it was compacted with multi-ton lead ingots. As a result, the slope was reduced by 39.6 cm. Experts say that the tower will stand for another 250-300 years. Once again, on December 15, 2001, the tower opened its doors to tourists.
Raising the walls
Construction requires a variety of equipment. These are cranes, excavators, concrete mixer trucks, and vehicles for transporting construction materials.
Rice. 2. Concrete mixer truck.
The walls can be wooden (for low-rise construction), brick, concrete, or consist of concrete slabs or aerated concrete blocks.
The most environmentally friendly material is wood, but it cannot be used to build a high-rise building. Next on the list are bricks and aerated concrete or foam concrete blocks. The most durable buildings are built from monolithic concrete.
At the same time as the walls, ceilings are installed, which will become a ceiling for some, and a floor for others.
Responsibilities
A civil engineer may have different responsibilities depending on his specialization, but the standard list looks like this:
- It is necessary to develop technical and methodological materials, schedules and regulatory documents related to the project.
- Carry out the work provided for in the construction plan.
- Look for ways to optimize resources and justify decisions made.
- Analyze the technical and economic characteristics of the facility being built. Participate in research work concerning the use of building materials, systems and other equipment, and then prepare reports and conclusions.
- Ensure that all construction sites are provided with building materials, documentation and technical information.
- Use modern automated systems in the implementation of a construction project to create an economic effect.
- Compose applications, instructions, maps, diagrams, deal with orders, observing the form and time of submission.
- Provide professional assistance to colleagues.
- Conduct examinations of documents and processes, fully control the progress of work.
A civil engineer has to understand a lot of things and has a wide and varied range of responsibilities. There are high demands on such a specialist.
Where to study
Areas of study:
Construction equipment and technologies (08.00.00)
Universities:
- Moscow Automobile and Highway State Technical University (MADI) Road Construction Faculty
- Moscow State Academy of Water Transport (MSAWT) Faculty of Water Transport Infrastructure Operation
- Russian State Geological Prospecting University named after. Sergo Ordzhonikidze (MGRI-RGGRU) Faculty of Exploration and Development Technology
- Moscow State University of Civil Engineering National Research University (MGSU) Institute of Construction and Architecture; Institute of Hydraulic and Energy Construction; Institute of Engineering and Environmental Construction and Mechanization
- Moscow State Transport University (MIIT) Institute of Track, Construction and Structures
- Russian State Agrarian University MSHA named after. K.A. Timiryazeva (RGAU-MSHA) Faculty of Hydraulic, Agro-Industrial and Civil Engineering
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN) Faculty of Engineering
Pushkin did it!
Pleshakov A.A. The world. Workbook. 2nd grade. Answers to assignments.
Builder.
The construction profession is very important for people. After all, a builder builds houses in which people will live. This is a very responsible profession. A builder must know and be able to do a lot - know how to perform one or another construction operation correctly, know the properties of materials and be able to use them, know the order of operations.
A builder must be responsible, disciplined, and persistent. He must do his job efficiently.
Police officer.
The profession of a police officer is very important for people. A policeman maintains order, protects ordinary citizens and catches criminals. He makes sure that no one dares to break the law and does not interfere with other people’s normal lives.
A policeman must be strong and brave, he must be kind, but firm and fair. He must be honest.
Doctor.
The medical profession is very necessary for the whole society. After all, people get sick from time to time and then a doctor rushes to their aid. A doctor helps people overcome illnesses, he cures them.
A doctor must know his profession well. He must study for a long time and know how to use certain drugs and medicines. He must be able to perform operations.
The doctor must be kind, sympathetic, and benevolent. He must be sincere and honest, he must give all of himself for other people.
Teacher.
The teaching profession is very important in society. After all, the teacher gives knowledge to children, and this knowledge will definitely be useful to children when they become adults.
A teacher must love children, never offend them and always help in any situation. The teacher himself must know his subject perfectly and be able to clearly explain it to children.
The teacher should be kind, sympathetic, friendly, sincere and cheerful. He should never lose his temper. Must be patient and persistent. And the teacher must be smart.
Programmer.
The profession of a programmer is now one of the most important in society. He compiles programs, maintains networks, and monitors the operation of modern equipment.
Modern life is impossible without the work of a programmer. And therefore, a programmer must know all computer languages, know how the Internet works, how to create and develop websites.
A programmer must have such qualities as perseverance, patience, and accuracy. He must have a well-developed imagination and fantasy. He must be able to apply non-standard solutions.
Firefighter.
The profession of a firefighter is very important for society, because a firefighter fights fires, helps people save their lives and their property.
This is a very dangerous, but also a very responsible profession. A firefighter must be able to use fire equipment and must be physically strong and resilient. He must be a very brave man, not afraid of fire and heights.
A firefighter must be willing to sacrifice his life to save the lives of others. He must be a kind, caring, honest person.
Salesman.
The sales profession is very important and necessary for people. People in this profession sell goods in shops and supermarkets. They help people find the product they need.
The seller must be able to count well, know all the useful information about the goods being sold, and be able to talk about his product.
The seller must be honest, open to communication, sincere and friendly. He must always rush to help people.
Driver
The driver's profession is in great demand in the modern world. The driver transports goods and passengers, helps people overcome long distances, and delivers them to work and school.
The driver must know and follow the rules of the road, know the structure of his car and be able to repair it.
The driver must be attentive, quick to react, and able to navigate the city. He must be kind and sympathetic, must love other people and especially passengers.
Forester
Forester is a very important and relevant profession. The forester monitors the safety of forests, birds and animals that live in them. It preserves the beauty of our world for future generations.
A forester must know everything about animals and plants, be able to provide first aid to them, and be able to protect forests and their inhabitants from poachers and natural disasters.
A forester must love nature, must be kind and sympathetic, and must not be afraid of wild animals and people. Should not be afraid of loneliness.
Sailor
The profession of a sailor remains relevant at all times. Most of the Earth is occupied by water, and transporting goods and passengers by water is the main responsibility of sailors. They also fish.
A sailor must know the structure of any vessel, be able to swim, and be able to provide first aid. He must know how to navigate the open sea by the sun and stars, how to plot a course, and the characteristics of currents and winds.
A sailor must love the sea, love its inhabitants. He must be brave and decisive, strong and resourceful. He shouldn't be afraid of pitching. A sailor must be smart and kind.
Miner
The miner's profession has always been considered one of the most dangerous, but also the most useful professions. Miners extract coal and ore in underground mines. These minerals are used to produce useful and necessary things, for heating and heating cities.
The miner must know the characteristics of the extracted mineral and the conditions of its occurrence. He must be able to use modern equipment.
A miner must be strong and courageous, he must not be afraid of enclosed spaces. A miner must be responsible and hardworking, patient and decisive.
Electrician
The profession of an electrician is very important for modern society. Everything in our houses and apartments, factories and factories is connected to electricity. And the uninterrupted operation of electrical appliances depends on the electrician.
An electrician must have a good knowledge of physics and electromechanics. He must understand how electricity works, what is its benefit and what is its danger to humans. Must be able to provide first aid in case of electric shock.
An electrician must be attentive, patient, and careful. Must be responsive and caring. Must follow safety rules.
Metallurgist
The metallurgist profession is very important for all people. Metallurgists melt metal and produce from it many necessary and useful things, tools and mechanisms. Everything around us is made of metal.
A metallurgist must know physics, must understand how metals are structured, what properties they have, and be able to use this knowledge in practice.
A metallurgist must be strong, courageous, and have good health. He must be careful and always follow safety rules when working.
Cook
The profession of a cook is one of the most important in society, because a cook feeds people, gives them the strength to work, and gives them a good mood.
The cook must know the technology of preparing various dishes, tasty and healthy food. Must know everything about the properties and quality of the products used.
The cook must be patient, attentive, and persistent. Must love to cook and be able to show your imagination and creativity. A chef must love people and love to eat.
Pilot
The profession of pilot or pilot is very important in the modern world. People now travel a lot and often over long distances, and this is impossible to do without air transport. In addition, pilots take part in cargo transportation, rescue operations, and help in agriculture.
A pilot must know everything about his aircraft, know the peculiarities of aircraft movement, and have an excellent knowledge of aerodynamics.
The pilot must be brave and decisive, be able to act quickly in unforeseen situations, because the lives of hundreds of people may depend on his reaction. The pilot must be executive and responsible.
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Wage
The salary of a civil engineer largely depends on his specific specialization and the region of the country. The minimum salary in Russia for such a specialist is 30 thousand rubles. As for the average income, it fluctuates around 50-56 thousand rubles. The maximum fixed salary reaches 413 thousand rubles.
Sources:
- https://doklad-i-referat.ru/soobshchenie/okruzhayushchij-mir/professiya-stroitel-2-4-5-klass
- https://nsportal.ru/detskiy-sad/raznoe/2019/02/24/znakomstvo-s-professiyami-stroitel-arhitektor-inzhener
- https://letidor.ru/obrazovanie/kak-rasskazat-rebenku-o-professii-inzhenera-kotoraya-budet-populyarna-eshe-mnogo-let.htm
- https://proforientator.ru/professions/inzhener-stroitel/
- https://delai-vibor.com/inzhener-stroitel.html
Completion of construction
At the final stage, windows and doors are installed, plumbing is installed, the interior is finished, and communications are installed.
Welders, masons, painters, plasterers, roofers, plumbers, electricians and other craftsmen work at the construction site.
The surrounding area must be kept in order.
The project “Formation of a modern urban environment” is being implemented in Russia. All new residential areas are provided with landscaped courtyards.
Rice. 3. Improvement of the courtyard area.
The construction process can be briefly described in a report for 2nd grade children for a lesson on the world around them.
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General information
The profession described is classified as: Technician. It is impossible to do without creative thinking, because it is necessary to design, install, assemble and adjust technical objects. Having graduated from a university and received this specialty, you will not have to spend a lot of time looking for a job.
Such a specialist will be hired by any large company. Today there are not enough professionals in this field of activity, and competition is quite low. A civil engineer is a general specialist. This person is responsible for the entire range of activities during construction and has great responsibility.
It is necessary to work with contractor organizations and be responsible for the delivery time of materials. He ensures that work is carried out in accordance with the established schedule and that facilities are put into operation on time. This person is responsible for the quality of work performed, monitors compliance with safety regulations, and much more. A civil engineer must have the following qualities:
- Creative thinking.
- Accuracy.
- Attentiveness.
- Precise eye.
- Good visual memory.
In addition, you need to have good physical health and endurance, because you will have to work in different weather conditions, and most often not at all in the office.
