What should a 5 year old child be able to do? Basic skills, knowledge, skills

Content:

Age characteristics at 5-6 years old Differences between girls and boys

What should a five-year-old child know and be able to do?

Mathematics

Orientation in space

Speech development

Intelligence and attention

Physical development

Motor skills

Features of speech

Cognitive development

Emotions and social skills

Psychology of a five-year-old or how to raise a happy preschooler

Developmental Level Test for 5 Year Olds

Daily regime

Warning signs for parents

How to help your child develop: ideas and tips

Games

Preparing for school: assessing the level of proximal development

An outstanding Russian scientist involved in child psychology, L. S. Vygotsky introduced into science the concept of the zone of proximal development. It is contrasted with the current level of development of the child and outlines the immediate future to which to strive. An indicator of the current level is the child’s ability to perform certain tasks independently, and the level of proximal development is the ability to perform more complex tasks with the help of adults or in a team with peers.

Sometimes parents, concerned about the rapid development of their child, try to speed up his learning by offering him complex logical or mathematical tasks. Such experiments may not only fail to give the desired result, but also harm the child’s psyche, so determining the zone of proximal development should be entrusted to professional teachers and psychologists. The other extreme is also undesirable, when parents overly control the completion of homework, using hints to achieve the ideal result - this can negate the child’s independence in the future.

At 5-6 years old, the child’s development should be carried out in the following basic areas:

mathematics (counting within 10, knowledge of basic geometric shapes, the concept of sizes and distances);
the world around us (knowledge of the days of the week, seasons, an idea of the diversity of the animal world, etc.)
speech (the ability to give complete answers, describe the proposed pictures, generalize concepts into groups, read syllables).

If you wish, you can study music, painting, dancing, and a foreign language with your child - the list of developmental activities goes on. The main thing is to closely monitor the child’s psychological state, maintaining an ideal balance between study, play and relaxation.

Age characteristics at 5-6 years old

By the age of 5-6, the child has probably completely forgotten about his infancy and is constantly striving to learn something new.

Children at the age of 5 become more dexterous, their coordination improves, and the period of funny childhood clumsiness passes forever. Muscles are actively growing, vision becomes like that of an adult.

The main features of children at 5 years old:

they run and jump well;
deftly use cutlery and can cut food on their own, for example, make a sandwich;
define themselves as a person;
clearly express their gender identity. There are stereotypes about toys only for a certain gender. Boys, for example, defiantly avoid the doll section in the store;
dress/undress themselves, know how to handle buttons and zippers, and can also tie shoelaces. However, if you bought your child only shoes with Velcro from infancy, then the skill of tying shoelaces will appear later.

Differences between girls and boys

During this period, differences between boys and girls become noticeable. First of all, this can be seen in physical activity. As a rule, boys need more movement, while girls are calmer and more diligent.

At this age, boys and girls begin to speak and think differently. You are more likely to encounter richer grammatical structures when communicating with a girl than with a young man. In general, girls' vocabulary is about a year ahead of boys' vocabulary . Also, for young ladies, non-verbal coloring of speech is more important: tone and facial expression. Therefore, boys often find it more difficult to express their feelings and emotions. Their unexpressed grievances are transformed into aggressive behavior and fights with peers.

The most important thing that parents can do for a child at this age is to teach them to express their feelings. Now this is much more important than numerous circles and sections.

Cognitive development also differs between the two sexes. In addition to the fact that girls are more diligent, it is also easier for them to solve several problems at the same time. For boys, to achieve results, it is better to concentrate on one thing.

As for both sexes, 5 years is the age of amazing questions. And often the requests of the little “why” can make you blush or even drive you into a dead end. So, a daughter or son, being in a public place, may very loudly ask why their aunt has a big belly or why their uncle has dark skin.

Try to think through your answers to some questions, especially those related to sex education, in advance. Follow the rule: you should answer the question posed clearly and without details .

Children 5-6 years old absorb knowledge like a sponge

The child’s transition to the next stage of physical and mental development determines a new wave of interest in the world around him. He begins to ask questions of a global nature - about the structure of the world, for example. An adult should answer in detail, but at the same time, clearly, preferably with examples. If you don’t have time to answer at the moment, you should remember the question and promise the little why to answer later (and be sure to keep the promise).

Advice
Don’t be shy to admit if you don’t know the answer to a question: find it with your child on the Internet or in a book.

Along with an increased interest in the world around them, children’s interest in reading also grows. Children's educational encyclopedias devoted to various areas of knowledge stimulate the development of this skill: if a 5-year-old child does not yet know how to read, he will have a desire to learn as soon as possible. Thanks to such colorful encyclopedias, the first ideas about geography, history, culture are formed, and knowledge about the animal world and natural phenomena is replenished.

It is this age that teachers consider the most favorable for memorizing a large amount of information, which means that the development of a 5-6 year old child will affect his learning abilities at an older age. You can even benefit from a passion for computer games: preschoolers enjoy playing “developmental games” aimed at teaching counting, reading, foreign languages, training memory, attention and logical thinking.

What should a five-year-old child know and be able to do?

All children develop differently, but there are generally accepted standards that a child must meet at the age of 5 years. Check your grown-up child against the list compiled by the Federal State Educational Standard and try to eliminate gaps, if any. So, a 5-year-old child should:

Mathematics

Understand the meanings of “many” and “few”, compare different parts of a set, determine equality and inequality.
Count from 0 to 5 and back.
Answer the questions “How much?”, “Which one?”.
Compare objects by size (length, height, width) and thickness (by overlapping).
Know the name of the basic geometric shapes (square, circle, triangle, rectangle) and name their elements (angles, sides). Have ideas about a ball and a cube. Be able to correlate the shape of objects with these geometric figures.

Orientation in space

Know and understand the main directions of movement.
Know spatial relationships: far and near.
Know the times of day and their sequence.
Be able to explain the meaning of the words: “yesterday”, “today” and “tomorrow”.

Speech development

The child’s vocabulary should contain about 1 thousand words, and phrases should consist of 6-8 words.
Even strangers, not just parents, should understand children’s speech.
The child must know how the human body differs from an animal: correctly name the parts of the body (hands - paws, hair - fur).
Use the plural correctly.
Guess the object based on its description and give it a description (apple: round, red, sweet).
Know classes/groups of objects and combine them (for example, a chair and a sofa are furniture).
Choose antonyms for words.
Be able to tell how his day went.
Know some proverbs and understand their meaning.
Make up a story using pictures.

Intelligence and attention

Find 5-6 differences between two pictures.
Repeat a pattern or movement.
Putting together a puzzle without adult help.
Build according to the model from the designer.
Be able to see incorrectly depicted objects in a picture and explain what is wrong and why.

A 5-year-old child strives for independence. He no longer identifies himself as “me + mom/dad,” but feels like a full-fledged person. In addition, now he can do many things more deftly: he can wash himself and brush his teeth, make himself a sandwich and get dressed for a walk.

Directions of development

The curriculum for preschoolers (both boys and girls) must take into account the basic school requirements of the first year of study. There is no need to strive to make a child prodigy out of your child, but you can convey to him the understanding that the more he knows, the more successful he will be at school.

Speech, logic, memory

Developed logical thinking is of primary importance, when a child can identify from a number of objects the one that does not correspond to him, classify the proposed data and compose a reasonable story based on pictures that are sometimes not clearly connected with each other.

Developmental tasks for children aged 5-6 years should bring children’s speech closer to that of adults in terms of word agreement and the ability to make inferences. The child must learn:

clearly explain where and with whom he lives, name the personal data of the family and his own, including age, first and last names, professions of family members;
master intonation (emotional, interrogative and exclamation levels), correct pronunciation of sounds;
quickly change the forms of words, according to number, gender and case, correctly insert prepositions;
speak confidently on topics that are interesting to him (both in a monologue and in dialogue), argue with an opponent and provide compelling evidence for his views;
retell long stories, know poems and small passages of prose, riddles and counting rhymes by heart;
be able to correctly compose sentences, have a large vocabulary and the desire to expand it.

To achieve such results, it is not enough to take your child to educational activities 3 times a week. It is necessary to constantly communicate with the baby, answer questions, play entertaining games with the alphabet and syllable cards. The following activities will be useful and interesting:

laying out cards with letters and words in logical pictures and reproducing a puzzle with a word from memory;
colorful copybooks, labyrinths with paths, tracing letters and drawings in a dotted pattern;
tests with pictures, when you need to insert a missing letter or write down part of a sentence represented by a picture in a word;
coming up with a story based on images mixed in an illogical order, which also trains logical thinking;
daily memorization of poetry and reading books.

It is recommended to start all classes with speech therapy exercises for the language, development of the speech apparatus through tongue twisters.

To develop logic, there are many brightly illustrated manuals that suggest dividing different objects into groups, eliminating unnecessary things, or continuing the analogy. It is convenient to print out the pages of the book in several copies and periodically let the child complete the task again. This way you can check how well he has learned it.

Numbers and counting

A child’s brain strives to organize the information it receives, which is why math classes are so exciting for kids. Children aged 5-7 years are quite capable of performing simple arithmetic operations such as addition and subtraction, solving simple problems and puzzles, and also being able to:

distinguish geometric bodies and figures, divide them into equal components;
navigate in space according to the principle - straight, left, right, back, forward;
count from 1 to 10 and back, name numbers selectively;
master the concepts of more, less, equal;
Know the arithmetic signs of addition, subtraction, and equality.

To develop these skills, you need to purchase math workbooks for preschoolers, copybooks, counting sticks, coloring books with geometric shapes, and mazes. You can draw cards with numbers yourself or together with your child. All this will be needed for exciting lessons or homework assignments that are given in educational programs for children. With these guides you can:

learn to write numbers correctly by connecting dots according to a pattern;
connect the numbers sequentially, resulting in a drawing;
arrange the correct counting order using cards;
train your memory by guessing which card is missing;
determine the number of objects in the picture and correlate them with numbers;
perform simple counting operations using sticks;
classify geometric shapes by shape and color;
determine the directions right - left.

You can teach your child mathematics completely free of charge - count pine cones and pebbles while walking, draw numbers and figures in the sand, and lay them out from blades of grass and twigs. Psychologists assure that such a pastime is more useful than the official development program.

The world around us and etiquette

An adult often forgets that the world around him is something new and unknown for a child. It is important to call by its proper name everything that comes across on a walk or in a store, talking about the properties of objects, plants, animals. It is imperative to discuss the following topics with your preschooler :

the current time of year, its duration and distinctive features, what changes the change of seasons brings;
names of days of the week, months;
hours, minutes, seconds, how to determine what time it is;
differences between wild animals and domestic ones, migratory birds and wintering birds;
species of insects and amphibians;
professions of people and the variety of their activities;
what fruits and vegetables are there, how they differ.

An assortment of stores is suitable as visual aids, where you can show different types of clothing, shoes, furniture and household appliances, and at home you can consolidate the material by studying in workbooks.

A child’s intelligence is also characterized by successfully mastered everyday skills. Polite behavior, the ability to thank and apologize, and respect for elders are no less important than acquired abilities:

call on the phone and talk to the interlocutor according to the rules of dialogue;
sew on a button and seal torn pages of a book;
behave culturally at the table and in public places;
fasten buttons on clothes and lace up shoes;
maintain regular personal hygiene;
Maintain a clean and tidy appearance.

These skills can only be acquired at home, and not in development classes, so you need to teach them to your child as early as possible.

There are special cardboard devices for learning the principle of lacing and tying bows and knots. You can build busy boards yourself to help develop everyday skills. Fairy tales and stories about politeness and good manners will be deposited in the child’s subconscious with the constant personal example of all family members.

Physical development

The first few years of a child's life are crucial for his physical development.

Height and weight at 5 years

Don't worry too much about your child's lack of appetite. If your son or daughter is developing normally, and you rarely visit the doctor, there is nothing to worry about. A child can grow by about 5 cm and gain about 2 kg of weight from the moment of their 4th birthday.

Here are some approximate parameters so you can estimate the height and weight of your child:

Parameters/Gender of the child	Boys	Girls
Weight	from 16 to 21 kg	from 15.8 to 21.2 kg
Height	from 105.3 to 114.6 cm	from 104.7 to 114.2 cm

⠀ Provide your child with the right daily routine, healthy eating, walk more in the fresh air, and then you will have no reason to worry about his height or weight.

Motor skills

5 years is the time when children's motor skills develop the most. Pay attention to the following stages of physical development of your 5-year-old child:

deftly runs, jumps, climbs, kicks a ball, swings on a swing, because... by this age, coordination and balance will improve;
can eat independently and at the same time carefully;
can stand on one leg for about 10 seconds;
walks forward and backward easily;
rides a tricycle well.

5 years is the ideal age to start participating in sports clubs.

Fine motor skills

Children learn and experience the world through play. If there are no problems with fine motor skills, a 5-year-old child should be able to:

build large towers from blocks/cubes;
hold a pen/pencil well;
be able to draw basic geometric shapes;
deftly use a spoon and fork;
dress/undress, use the toilet, brush your teeth without assistance;
draw a person.

Advice. At 5 years old, a child is constantly improving his skills. To strengthen them, gradually make the task more difficult for him. For example, as your ability to use utensils improves, begin teaching your child good manners while eating.

Features of speech

Together with the child, his vocabulary grows, and his thought process becomes more advanced. We will not talk about the fact that lack of speech at 5 years old is an alarming sign. If there are existing problems, as a rule, at this age parents already know what they are dealing with and take care of their children’s health.

Development of language and communication

Your inquisitive “why” already knows how to conduct a conversation well and has the skills to communicate with people. Children aged 5 years not only answer simple questions easily and logically, but are already noticeably better at expressing their feelings. Most children at this age enjoy singing, rhyming, and making up words.

Good communication skills will help your child in the future, so it is important to ensure his proper language development.

Pay attention to the following stages of language development in your five-year-old:

speaks clearly using complex sentences;
correctly names basic colors and shapes;
knows at least a few letters, perhaps even knows how to write a few words (for example, “mom”, “dad” and his name);
understands the daily routine: breakfast in the morning, dinner in the evening, etc.;
uses the future tense: “We will go to the park soon”;
carries out assignments consisting of two or three parts. For example, “put away the book, wash your face and go to bed”;
knows his address, home telephone number, surnames and names of parents, grandparents;
can tell you how his day went.

The age period from 5 to 6 years is called senior preschool. From the age of five, a child must be prepared for future schooling. In the article we will consider the main features of the development of children of this age and give recommendations to parents so that this time of the child’s life can be used most effectively.

Physical development

At five years old, the baby’s movements become more confident and dexterous. The child jumps well in length and height, maintains balance, confidently climbs a gymnastic wall, rope or hanging ladder, deftly handles the ball and can jump rope, is well oriented in space, walks well on a narrow board, steps over and jumps over obstacles. And at the end of the fifth year, many children can already ride a two-wheeled bicycle.

He must be able to correctly use various symbols of spatial relationships: go down, turn right, reach a corner, go to the other side, etc. Five-year-old children are very active. For normal physical development, a child needs to move a lot. Some children at this age already begin to attend sports clubs.

Buy a few simple exercise equipment for home - a crossbar, rings, a gymnastic wall. Exercises should be done at the same time every day. It is advisable to come up with musical accompaniment for them. Numerous educational videos that can be downloaded on the Internet will tell you how to properly engage with your baby. Use walking time for sports games: let the child play ball and various outdoor games, run on the playground and race with peers, overcome obstacles.

Fine motor skills and household skills

By the age of five, fine motor skills are actively improving. Children know how to string beads and buttons on a string, sculpt various figures from plasticine, and play with complex construction sets. Preschoolers draw well, using brushes, pencils and felt-tip pens. Their pictures turn out to be quite recognizable. They hold the pen well and try to write in cursive. They can connect different dots on paper, try to make origami out of paper, and are good at putting together puzzles with a dozen pieces.

The development of fine motor skills is the main indicator of readiness to master writing, reading, correct speech and intelligence in general: the hands, head and tongue are connected, and any violations in this chain lead to a lag. Therefore, a normally developing child of six years old should be able and love to draw, sculpt, cut with scissors, use a needle, etc. Excellent tools for developing fine motor skills are the art of origami (creating various products from paper), as well as the art of tying knots from strings.

In everyday life, by the age of five, a child becomes completely independent. He eats with a spoon, knife and fork, and drinks from a mug. Knows the rules of table etiquette and does not throw food away. He washes himself, brushes his teeth and rinses his mouth. Dresses without assistance, knows how to fasten a zipper, tie shoelaces, fasten and unfasten buttons. Allow your child to improve his everyday skills, do not help unless necessary. Children who go to kindergarten often cope with everyday things much better than those who are raised at home.

Speech development

The vocabulary of a child aged five to six years is quite large and amounts to more than 3000 words. He pronounces most sounds, but has problems with the letter “r” and some sibilants. If any difficulties arise in the development of a child’s speech at this age, it is necessary to consult with a professional speech therapist, undergo diagnostics, receive recommendations for independent study at home, or start attending regular classes with a speech therapist at a children’s center. Therefore, it is so important that parents talk more with the baby, monitor their speech, pronounce words and phrases correctly, and avoid too loud sounds, since the child copies the speech of adults along with their mistakes.

The sentences a preschooler speaks usually consist of 5-6 words. The children's dictionary contains nouns in all cases, verbs, adverbs, short participles. The child uses all tenses, superlatives, diminutives, uses synonyms and antonyms, although he sometimes makes grammatical errors. Children aged five can independently form an adjective from a noun. Their speech is logically structured, they are able to communicate on abstract topics, retell fairy tales, capturing their main meaning, and independently recite poetry, actively using different intonations.

According to child psychologists, in the sixth year of a child’s life one should begin to teach reading. Most children of this age themselves show an interest in mastering literacy, especially if you constantly talked and played with your child, answered his questions and stimulated his cognitive interests, read a lot, learned poems and simple songs. Many parents and their children collect cubes with pictures for each letter of the alphabet: M - ant, I - apple, etc. You can also write the corresponding letter above each picture and every day, looking at the pictures, ask the child to name this letter . Children really like these activities.

To read aloud, choose bright, colorful books with interesting stories; "magic books" are very good for this purpose. Let the child choose the book himself. Sit him on your lap or next to you on the sofa, in an armchair, so that he can “read” with you. This is very important from the point of view of developing interest in the reading process, not to mention the fact that it brings you closer to each other emotionally. Teach your child not only to listen to readings, but also to retell in his own words what he heard. This way the child will better understand its content, learn to remember the events described in the book, and therefore his memory will improve.

Manual skills also contribute to speech development. It is very important to shape and strengthen the hand, especially the leading one. Even an intellectually developed and school-prepared child will not be successful in learning if his fine motor skills are not developed. All this will create further, secondary difficulties, affecting self-esteem and even attitude towards learning. Therefore, it is very important during this period to engage in all kinds of creative activities, learn to hold a pencil correctly and confidently, cut with scissors, make appliqués, design and sculpt. Get your child interested in creating something new and interesting. As you know, any creativity is also a therapy that allows you to relieve stress and recharge with positive emotions.

Mental development of a child of the sixth year of life (features of cognitive processes)

The attention of a child of this age period is characterized by involuntariness; he cannot yet control his attention and often finds himself at the mercy of external impressions. This manifests itself in rapid distractibility, inability to concentrate on one thing, and in frequent changes of activities. Additional activities that go beyond the scope of the task are difficult for the child. If a child is hyperactive, it is even more difficult for him to concentrate. He prefers outdoor games and cannot sit in one place for more than five minutes.

An adult's guidance should be aimed at the gradual formation of voluntary attention, which is closely related to the development of responsibility, which is so necessary for a child in the process of schooling. This involves carefully completing any task - both interesting and not very interesting to the baby.

A child’s perception develops literally from the first months of life. By the age of five or six, a child can usually distinguish colors and shapes of objects well. The child is well oriented in space and correctly uses a variety of symbols of spatial relationships. More difficult for a child is the perception of time - orientation in the time of day, in assessing different periods of time. It is still difficult for a child to imagine the duration of any task.

In five-year-old children, visual-figurative thinking predominates. They understand well how many household appliances work and how they can be used. Toys are not broken, but disassembled into parts. They quickly learn to use new objects during the game. Verbal and logical thinking is just beginning to form. Children can already make the first generalizations, sort objects according to their characteristics, create logical chains and find unnecessary objects in them. But many abstract concepts are still inaccessible to them; they have difficulty grasping the logic of words if they are not supported by material objects. By the age of five or six, the child uses such mental operations as generalization, comparison, abstraction, and establishing cause-and-effect relationships. Thanks to this, the child can understand the main idea of a fairy tale, picture, combine several pictures based on a common feature, sort pictures into groups based on an essential feature, etc.

Classes with a child from parents, teachers or psychologists can improve thinking indicators by 3-4 times. It is important that the tasks set do not exceed the child’s capabilities, but are based mainly on motivation for success. Now there are many bright and exciting encyclopedias, board games and educational toys that can captivate a child. For example, a series of reading books with 4 levels of difficulty. Each book is a small encyclopedia, which contains facts on various topics, ranging from everyday life to scientific ones. The child will gain an understanding of space, the ancient world, the human body, animals and plants, countries, inventions and much more. Various games, construction, modeling, drawing, reading develop in the child such mental operations as generalization, comparison, abstraction, and establishment of cause-and-effect relationships. Thanks to this, the child can understand the main idea of a fairy tale, picture, combine several pictures based on a common feature, sort pictures into groups based on an essential feature, etc. Thanks to the development of verbal and logical thinking, the child becomes able to understand the connections of objects and phenomena that cannot be represented in visual form. This makes it possible to talk about them abstractly. Therefore, the game material becomes more complicated, it becomes logical, intellectual, and the child has to think and reason.

In a child of the sixth year of life, memory is still involuntary, based on emotions and interest, that is, the child easily remembers what interests him. But even in this case, forgetting occurs very quickly. Already at this age, individual differences appear: some children have better developed visual memory, others have better auditory memory, others have better emotional memory, and others have better mechanical memory. In activities with a child, one should develop all types of memory, but still strive to teach memorization based on mental activity and understanding.

Emotional and social development of five-year-old children

By the age of five, children learn to control their emotions, and they are already quite good at it. Psychological development reaches a level when it is easier for a child to evaluate his actions and restrain impulsive desires. Now he speaks well and can express whatever he wants in words. Therefore, the baby begins to feel more confident, because everyone understands him. Children's perseverance and patience improves. They can calmly wait their turn, ask permission to take this or that thing. The child can still be shy with strangers, but it is much easier to make contact than before. Children prefer group games to individual ones. They know how to share their toys and treat each other with goodies. During the game, they adhere to the rules and give in to each other if necessary. Now they have a sense of justice, they try not to offend their peers in vain.

By the age of five, the child learned to help his parents around the house and does it with pleasure. He continues to copy their behavior, so you shouldn’t expect the child to do things that mom and dad don’t do. At this age, the baby’s personality and habits are formed. It is important to lay down in the next two years all the skills that will be useful in adult life. Teach your preschooler to take initiative, give him the opportunity to choose. For example, when you go outside, ask what your baby wants to wear. The choice should be clear, between 2-3 things. His self-esteem will increase, the preschooler will feel like an important person. At the same time, he will develop a sense of responsibility for his choice.

Game Features

The formation of voluntary behavior in the period of 5-6 years is facilitated by play, which is still the leading activity for the child, the main component of his mental development. Now, the role-playing game is reaching its peak, and relationships between people become its content. Children themselves create models of these relationships, forming stable associations of 3-4 people or more. This game contains many actions that help the child build role-playing relationships with other participants. Thus, children become able to consciously plan and perform complex sequential actions. Children of this age have a very developed imagination; while playing, they imagine themselves as pilots, doctors, or fairy tale heroes. They sometimes invent friends for themselves and are afraid of monsters that exist only in their imagination. It happens that a child deceives adults and tells stories that did not actually happen. There is no need to worry that your baby is lying. To develop his creative abilities, independence, and initiative, he must go through a stage in life when fantasies are mixed with reality.

Regime and nutrition of a child at 5 years old

For normal growth and development, a child at five years old needs to eat properly. His table fully corresponds to the table of adults. If you yourself adhere to the rules of healthy eating, you may not prepare separate meals for your baby. Make sure he doesn't eat too much fried or smoked food. Snacking should not be encouraged; it is best when the child eats 4 times a day and at the same time.

In a year, the preschooler will become a schoolchild, which is why it is so important to accustom him to a routine now. Children should go to bed on time, no later than nine o'clock in the evening. Start your morning with hygiene procedures, gymnastic exercises and a full breakfast. It is advisable for the baby to wake up, wash and eat at the same time. Then you need to devote time to various activities with the child, which should take place in the form of a game, but at the same time, you should train the perseverance and attentiveness of the preschooler. After classes, you should definitely go for a walk with your child. Many children no longer sleep during the day by the age of five. But if your baby likes to take a nap after lunch, this is not a deviation from the norm, his nervous system just requires more rest. Evening activities should not be as intense as morning ones - play educational games or read a fairy tale.

Thus, preschool education for children should be interesting and educational. You should not pay attention only to intellectual pursuits all the time. We must not forget that physical exercise is no less important for a child. Approach education comprehensively - harmonious development will help your child successfully move to a new stage of life at school and be happy later.

Cognitive development

Cognitive development is an indicator that a child is developing thinking, logic and memory. Children already understand the difference between “right” and “wrong”, “good” and “bad”. At this age, they think and express themselves at a higher level.

Knowing the basic rules of behavior and the ability to follow them is an important stage in the development of a child.

At the age of 5, a child’s cognitive skills already allow him to begin teaching him to read and write. His memory and attentiveness become more perfect, which means that the learning process will not cause difficulties.

Remember that at the age of 5 all the gaps and shortcomings in upbringing begin to take root and turn into negative character traits of the child.

Memory

Memory plays an important role in children's development, as well as future school performance. Train this skill in your child: learn songs and rhymes, read to him more - now is the best time to replenish his vocabulary.

Thinking

At 5 years old, your child better understands the opinions and attitudes of others. This helps him make friends and meet new people.

At this time, children's fears actively manifest themselves. The child is separated from his parents and feels insufficiently protected in the big world. To overcome this, he uses fantasy. However, the unrestrained “magical” thinking can give rise not only to new fears, but also to imaginary friends or protectors. Parents need to devote enough time to their children during this period.

Perform developmental exercises from Ikyusha

Mathematics

Reading

The world

Logics

English language

3. Don't worry about how long it takes to complete tasks. It may seem that just one or two minutes to complete is very little, and you want to give the child additional load. Let it not be related to the task you just completed.

If you’ve read, start counting; if you’ve solved problems, go look for identical objects in the apartment, etc. During the forced home holidays, do not set goals to train endurance and perseverance; there is another time for this, school time.

4. Be sure to include creative tasks in your daily schedule. When a child draws, cuts, sticks or sculpts, he lives in the moment. This is the most valuable thing you can think of to relieve boredom.

5. Treat yourself with care, because you are the main resource, source of emotions and information for the child. It's completely normal to want minimal attention from children, and role-playing games are a treasure trove of possibilities for you. In these games, the child will take on all the main role-playing load and imagination. All you have to do is explain the rules of the game, maintain a dialogue and, while doing any household chores, nod, assent and sometimes ask questions.

Let home activities be varied and interesting! We hope that our ideas will help you with this.

Emotions and social skills

5 years is a period of emotional extremes. Either you notice that your child has better control over himself, then suddenly he begins to “play” at being little and seems completely helpless.

During this time, children learn to control their emotions, although they may burst into tears over an overturned glass of water. It is important to teach your child to understand his feelings and cope with them. At the same time, “coping” does not mean suppressing negative emotions.

A five-year-old child can already consciously sympathize with another or share his problems with someone.

Check how well your son or daughter's emotional and social development complies with generally accepted norms:

periodically the child tries to please people;
can distinguish reality from fantasy;
may be more independent;
realizes that society has its own rules that must be followed;

Your child can become more sociable if he starts going to kindergarten and meets more children.

Psychology of a five-year-old or how to raise a happy preschooler

At 5 years old, children understand much more than we think. Another thing is how the child reacts: discusses what he saw with his parents or draws his own conclusions. It is important to have a trusting relationship with your child.

The child's psyche cannot tolerate physical and harsh punishment. Insults will cause just as much harm. At 5 years old, a child is able to listen to an adult and analyze his mistake with him.

During this period, it is very important not to give long lectures to children and try to prohibit as little as possible. Offer an alternative. For example, you can’t hit a ball against walls at home, but you can hit it on the street. Or: you can’t draw on wallpaper, but you can on a sheet of paper.

Be sure to spend time with your child every day . Even if it’s just 15 minutes after work in the evening, it’s just your time without gadgets and the rest of your household.

Developmental Level Test for 5 Year Olds

To find out the level of development of your child, we offer the simplest and fastest test. Ask your son or daughter to complete 5 tasks:

Name the seasons and days of the week (it would be ideal if the child names them in order).
“Why do people brush their teeth every day?” A child is considered to have given an answer if he backs it up with a good explanation or facts.
Say out loud clearly any 5 simple words. Ask your child to repeat them from memory.
Ask to explain why an item is needed (kettle, paints, etc.). The child will receive credit for the question for answering in 3-4 detailed sentences.
Draw 3-4 broken lines on paper. Show them to your child, then remove the sheet and ask your son or daughter to draw the same lines. For children aged 5 this should not be difficult.

If your child has completed only 3 tasks or less , try to work with him more and develop him. Pay attention to his memory and thinking habits.

4 correct answers is a good result. You can try to test your child again later, perhaps something was distracting or bothering him.

If your child passes the entire test quickly and without errors, you have nothing to worry about!

Development of children 4-5 years old

Features of mental development of a child aged 4-5 years

At this age, the child's attention span increases. The child has access to concentrated activity for 15-20 minutes. He is able to retain a simple condition in memory when performing any action.

The child's imagination continues to develop. Its features such as originality and arbitrariness are formed. Children can independently come up with a short fairy tale on a given topic.

The child masters social norms of behavior. The content of communication between a child and an adult changes. It goes beyond the specific situation in which the child finds himself. The cognitive motive becomes the leading one.

Children develop a need for respect from an adult; their praise turns out to be extremely important for them. This leads to their increased sensitivity to comments.

Role interactions appear in the play activities of middle preschool children. They indicate that preschoolers begin to separate themselves from the accepted role. During the game, roles may change. Game actions begin to be performed not for their own sake, but for the sake of the meaning of the game. There is a separation between playful and real interactions of children.

Relationships with peers are characterized by selectivity, which is expressed in the preference of some children over others. Regular play partners appear. Leaders begin to emerge in groups. Competitiveness and competitiveness appear. The latter is important for comparing oneself with others, which leads to the development of the child’s self-image and its detailing.

It should be noted that at the age of 4-5 years, the shortcomings in raising a child begin to gradually take root and turn into stable negative character traits.

Logical thinking